Showing posts with label Auxiliaries and Use of tenses. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Auxiliaries and Use of tenses. Show all posts

Saturday, March 23, 2013

90. Nothing New under the Sun

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The title of this post is far from being a newly-created phrase; it must have been reproduced hundreds of times by now, precisely because it is attested in one of the variants of the biblical text (Ecclesiastes 1:8-10):

‘8 All things are wearisome, more than one can say. The eye never has enough of seeing, nor the ear its fill of hearing. 9 What has been will be again, what has been done will be done again; there is nothing new under the sun. 10 Is there anything of which one can say, “Look! This is something new”?’

At this point it’s absolutely necessary to say that I chose it because it is suggestive for the post, and not because I intend to start a religious commentary – a saying that has been adopted by innumerable peoples, and offering a philosophical view of life. Indeed, rather than something new, it is the human being who registers that thing as new. But how can this be? Well, I suppose that it’s a matter of generations: growing up and learning more and more makes each and every one of us a part of the Big Architecture, the evolution of the human race.    
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The World Wide Web is saturated with blogs and videos, games and exercises, you name it. What I saw as necessary for an audience starts losing momentum, and this goes hand in hand with the need for a suggestive post number. So, there’s very little that hasn’t been said about, say, modal verbs, and they are indispensable for you to develop text (understanding text as spoken or written), which is what we’re about to do.   

As I’m sure I mentioned once, it is absolutely surprising that, of all the modal verbs in English, can should be the most frequently used and, at the same time, the one whose patterns of use should be most complex and deceiving. Most pre-intermediate and intermediate students of English know that it is useful to express possibility in the Present; and, since quite a few textbooks – while trying to simplify “the bloody grammar” – call it <the present form>, as they do with any notional verb of the language, the verb with all its idiosyncratic properties is finally understood as a kind of Infinitive e.g., to play - I play; therefore *to can- I can follows naturally. Furthermore, if I play has the Simple Past tense I played, then I could [DO] cannot be but the Simple Past tense of can. Well, yes, it is: but only in one of its meanings.


First, some explanations: CAN & COULD explanations
Then, a bit of practice: CAN & COULD exercises

Of course I'll be waiting for questions, because I'm sure there are some - albeit without a voice.
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Sunday, December 02, 2012

61. Time and Tense



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The Big Adventure Goes on
This is the second delivery for the ABCs who dare to grapple with the use of tenses in English.
But who are the ABCs? Well, they can be you or me – the Authentic Bold and Courageous!

What were you doing while I was preparing today’s post (at about 13:30hrs today)?
What did you do this morning that you think was pleasant, worthwhile, useful (for you or for others)?
What had you been doing before you logged on the blog to see what was new?
Here’s today’s delivery. When you have finished, you will be able to answer at least the two questions. Good luck!

Past Simple & Past Continuous: Tense Relationship
LINK WORDS: WHEN, WHILE, AS

past_________________|_________________|__________-> future

                                                    then                                        now                  
past-------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------> future

Put the verbs in brackets into the simple past or past continuous tense.

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1   Mr Smith never (wake) up in time in the mornings and always (get) into trouble for being late; so one day he (go) to town and (buy) an alarm clock.
2   To get home he (have to) go through a field where a bad-tempered bull usually (graze).
3   This bull normally (not chase) people unless something (make) him angry. Unfortunately, as Mr Smith (cross) the field, his alarm clock (go) off.
4   This (annoy) the bull, who immediately (begin) to chase Mr Smith.
5   Mr Smith (carry) an open umbrella as it (rain) slightly. He (throw) the umbrella to the ground and (run) away as fast as he could.
6   The bull (stop) and (begin) to attack the umbrella. While he (do) this Mr Smith escaped.
7   When he (awake) she (sit) by the window. She (look) at something in the street, but when he (call) her she (turn) and (smile) at him.
8   Why you (interrupt) me just now? I (have) a very interesting conversation with Mr Pitt.
9   The murderer (carry) the corpse down the stairs when he (hear) a knock on the door.
10   When I (look) through your books I (notice) that you have a copy of Murder in the Cathedral
11   As they (walk) along the road they (hear) a car coming from behind them. Tom (turn) round and (hold) up his hand. The car (stop).
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12   When I (arrive) at the station Mary (wait) for me. She (wear) a blue dress and (look) very pretty. As soon as she (see) me she (wave) and (shout) something, but I couldn't hear what she (say) because everybody (make) such a noise.
13   The prisoner (escape) by climbing the wall of the garden where he (work). He (wear) blue overalls and black shoes.
14   She said that the car (travel) at 40 k.p.h. when it (begin) to skid.
15   She said that she (not like) her present flat and (try) to find another.
16   While he (make) his speech the minister suddenly (feel) faint. But someone (bring) him a glass of water and after a few minutes he (be able) to continue.
17   When I (see) him he (paint) a portrait of his wife, ~ You (like) it? ~
He only just (start) when I (see) it, so I couldn't judge.
18   I (take) my friend to a murder trial the other day. ~ Who (be) tried? ~
A man called Bill Sykes. ~
Was he acquitted? ~
I don't know. They still (listen) to the evidence when we (leave).
19   I (be) sorry that I (have to) leave the party early, because I (enjoy) myself.
20   As we (come) here a policeman (stop) us. He (say) that he (look) for some stolen property and (ask) if he could search the car.
21   I (see) you yesterday from the bus. Why you (use) a stick? ~
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I (use) a stick because I had hurt my leg that morning falling off a horse. ~ Whose horse you (ride)?
22   The floor was covered with balls of wool. Obviously Mrs Pitt (knit) something.
23   Ann said that she (be) on holiday. I (say) that I (hope) that she (enjoy) herself.
24   While he (water) the flowers it (begin) to rain. He (put) up his umbrella and (go) on watering.
25   I just (write) a cheque when I (remember) that I (have) nothing in the bank.
26   I (find) this ring as I (dig) in the garden. It looks very old. I wonder who it (belong) to?

(Adapted from A.J. Thomson & A.V. Martinet, A Practical English Grammar - Exercises, Vol.1)

Sunday, October 21, 2012

55. Meaning in the Making



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They say this is one of those instances of the never-ending-story type. Every academic year starts with advice for better organizing study and...some practice for students to distinguish between the Present Simple and the Present Continuous tenses. After long years of contact with English, the use of these two tenses is still obscure and inaccessible.

There should be some principle of using them safely, shouldn’t there? A safe rule of thumb is finding out what meaning the verb expresses in the sentence. Once you get the meaning correctly, you are in the position to decide whether there is something dynamic taking place or, on the contrary, something is said about a state characterizing the subject.

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This sends you to a good dictionary! Never underestimate the examples offered next to the meaning of the word – in this case, a verb. Let’s have a look at how meaning is being formed.
Good luck!
31 The simple present and the present continuous tenses
Put the verbs in brackets into the simple present or the present continuous tense. 
(Adapted form Thomson & Martinet's 1986 'A Practical English Grammar')
1   Cuckoos (not build) nests. They (use) the nests of other birds.
2   You can’t see Tom now: he (have) a bath.
3   He usually (drink) coffee but today he (drink) tea.
4   What she (do) in the evenings? ~
She usually (play) cards or (watch) TV.
5   I won’t go out now as it (rain) and I (not have) an umbrella.
6   The last train (leave) the station at 11.30.
7   He usually (speak) so quickly that I (not understand) him.
8   Ann (make) a dress for herself at the moment. She (make) all her own clothes.
9   Hardly anyone (wear) a hat nowadays.
10 I’m afraid I’ve broken one of your coffee cups. - Don’t worry. I (not like) that set anyway.
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11 I (wear) my sunglasses today because the sun is very strong.
12  Tom can’t have the newspaper now because his aunt (read) it.
13  I’m busy at the moment. I (redecorate) the sitting room.
14  The kettle (boil) now. Shall I make the tea?
15  You (enjoy) yourself or would you like to leave now? - I (enjoy) myself very much. I (want) to stay to the end.
16  How you (get) to work as a rule? -
I usually (go) by bus but tomorrow I (go) in Tom’s car.
17   Why you (put) on your coat? ~
I (go) for a walk. You (come) with me? ~
Yes, I’d love to come. You (mind) if I bring my dog?
18   How much you (owe) him? ~
I (owe) him £5. ~
You (intend) to pay him?
19   You (belong) to your local library?- Yes, I do. ~
You (read) a lot? ~
Yes, quite a lot. ~
How often you (change) your books? ~
I (change) one every day.
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20   Mary usually (learn) languages very quickly but she (not seem) able to learn modern Greek.
21   I always (buy) lottery tickets but I never (win) anything.
22   You (like) this necklace? I (give) it to my daughter for her birthday tomorrow.
23   I won’t tell you my secret unless you (promise) not to tell anyone. ~ I (promise).
24   You always (write) with your left hand?
25   You (love) him?-
No, I (like) him very much but I (not love) him.
26   You (dream) at night? -
Yes, I always (dream) and if I (eat) too much supper I (have) nightmares.
27   The milk (smell) sour. You (keep) milk a long time?
28   These workmen are never satisfied; they always (complain).
29   We (use) this room today because the window in the other room is broken.
30   He always (say) that he will mend the window but he never (do) it.
31   You (know) why an apple (fall) down and not up?
32   You (write) to him tonight? ~
Yes, I always (write) to him on his birthday. You (want) to send any message?
33   Tom and Mr Pitt (have) a long conversation. I (wonder) what they (talk) about.
34   You (believe) all that the newspapers say? - No, I (not believe) any of it. -
Then why you (read) newspapers?
35   This car (make) a very strange noise. You (think) it is all right? - Oh, that noise (not matter). It always (make) a noise like that.
36   The fire (smoke) horribly. I can’t see across the room. - I (expect) that birds (build) a nest in the chimney. —
Why you (not put) wire across the tops of your chimneys? - Tom (do) that sometimes but it (not seem) to make any difference.
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Saturday, March 03, 2012

17. The haves and have-nots around us (II)

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Looking back at the photo which opens the first part of this topic, I somehow feel that most of you decoded the be-have-do triad in terms of notions rather than tools for constructing utterances; yet their uses are by far more numerous as modal, and auxiliary verbs than notional verbs. This is indeed tricky business, and – of course – we are taken back to our attempt at getting verbal, at least in order to make sure we’re on the right track.
Grammaring again!
Let’s get notional now for just a little while, and look for answers to such questions as:
What comes first to our mind when we say I am? Do we really decode it as existence?
What do we first think of when we take in I do? Is it action, or else some echo of a previous question?
How many times does I have evoke by itself something which ‘doesn’t mean anything’?
What is needed in order for us to understand them as tools?

While waiting for your answers, I am about to become a bit philosophical: what seems to be more important, being (that is to say, existing), having (that is, possessing), or else doing (visually, taking a course of action)?
At the end of the day, what does it take for one to enjoy the ‘simple thing’ of reading these lines?                               

Aaron and Candy Spelling's mansion
A study in contrasts 
[adapted from New Success at First Certificate,
by Robert O’Neill, Michael Duckworth & Kathy Gude]

   Aaron Spelling is said to have been the richest and most successful television producer in Hollywood and, in a city famous for its wealth, his wife, Candy, has been known as the biggest spender. A few years ago they paid more than $10 million for the huge house Bing Crosby used to live in. Then they had it torn down so that an even bigger, more wonderful mansion could be built. Not only does it have a more luxurious swimming-pool but an indoor ice-skating rink and a private zoo, as well. The final bill came to more than $25 million.
They say that a few years ago – surely before 2006 (the year Aaron Spelling passed away) – on a typically warm Californian Christmas Eve, Candy had a huge amount of real snow delivered to the Spelling mansion and spread all over the green lawns so that their children could enjoy 'a white Christmas'.
Not so long ago Candy decided she needed a few more clothes. She had a whole fashion show flown out to her from New York, along with the designer and three models. Not only did she buy the entire collection but - so the story goes at least - the bags and hats the models travelled with, as well. A lot of people in Hollywood wonder what she is going to buy next.
'What more can she possibly want?' others ask.

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    Martin and Rebecca Granger used to teach in a tough secondary school in London. A few years ago, they moved to a small cottage in Cornwall, in the extreme south-west of England. ‘We got tired of trying to make kids learn things they had no interest in’ Martin says. Martin's mother had died, leaving the cottage to them. 'It was in a terrible state when we came. There were leaks in the roof. There wasn't even an indoor loo. * Rebecca and I have rebuilt the place with our own hands.’
 It is a pleasant, small place by the sea. In their large garden they grow most of their own vegetables and keep a goat. They also make all their own clothes. ‘Money is still a problem, but we've learned to get by on very little,’ Rebecca says. She does some part-time teaching in a school in the village nearby. Martin paints water-colours of the wild Atlantic and the brilliant sunsets they see almost every day. He has sold a few recently.
 They both say that what they value most is their freedom from the rat race and the pressures of life in a big city. Only one thing really bothers them, and that is the invasion of tourists every summer.
‘We've been very happy here, but we might emigrate to New Zealand, where we'd be even further away from it all,’ Rebecca says.
* lavatory.

Wednesday, February 29, 2012

16. The haves and have-nots around us (I)


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Let’s get verbal for a while, shall we?
This is an invitation for everybody to step into a room whose door has been skilfully masked within the patterns on the walls: it is as if it didn’t exist until you became aware of its being there. Nobody – well, almost nobody – thought about it, simply because it was taken for granted; now, while looking around the room you readily realize there’s a window to this new reality. So, let’s go over to the window and look out: are you in for what will surely turn out to be a breathtaking adventure?
The air in the room is thick with form, use, and meaning. The first strong perfume tickling our nostrils takes the shape of a verb coming to our rescue: the auxiliary! How could we avoid it when we want to talk about things that happened some time in a period from the past up to now, often with present results?! Mark my words: impossible.
(1)               Have you ever been to Australia?
How long have you been together?
Our taxi hasn’t arrived yet.
Other situations are still continuing, although they started in the past: I’ve been waiting for you for half an hour.
But this is not all: we may want to talk about situations in the past and express possibility, desirability, deduction (that is, modality), and this will take us deeper into the wonders wafting in the room:
(2)               I can’t find my umbrella; I must have left it on the train.
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Now, I know what you’re thinking: why…
  (3)       do I have to go on reading all this [that is, (lack of) obligation]? Well, because it is necessary, not to say obligatory – even if the obligation has been imposed on you. There’s no other way that I know of when you want to…
(4)       have language explained to you (that is, causative); with a little bit of luck, you’ll eventually…
(5)             have a good time (that is, experience something) while reading on!
Last but not least, what about
(6)           having-full-stop” – that is, indeed, a completely different matter, even if we talk about possessing, or owning things, relationships, illnesses – you name it.
And it all comes in one tight package: I have, (s)he/it has, I had, I’ve had, (s)he’s had, I’m having. But things don’t stop there, simply because we have to finish our thoughts every time and, while doing it, new blocks of information must be added if and only if we want to obtain meaning.
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